Approaches to Ethics

Approaches to Ethics Utilitarianism is an ethical theory which focuses on the outcome of an action. It weighs the value of an action over its consequences. The rule of utilitarianism focuses on the result regardless of the nature of the action. It points out that, if the outcome is in line with the expected benefits, then the action can be undertaken. It should not only apply to the agent, but also satisfy everyone affected by the action.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Approaches to Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The action should put forth maximum happiness to everyone involved. Utilitarianism provides a morally upright approach in making decisions about a certain action. It foresees the possible outcome of the action and calculates the benefits and the costs. From these calculations, the best approach is chosen which ensures that benefits are maximized while costs are minimized. The major drawback of the utilitarianism i s justice. For instance, a situation where a certain act yields more benefits but is still deemed unjust affects decision making. This is because; one has to choose the principle to be used, which is either justice or utilitarianism. The utilitarian standard focuses on the happiness for all those concerned and not oneself. The kind of decisions we make should not only bring happiness to the agent of the action, but to everyone involved. The spirit and purpose of utilitarianism is ‘the greatest happiness for the majority’. Utilitarianism is being used by business analysts, scientists and legislators to make decisions on; whether to invest certain resources to carry out specific projects, whether to approve a certain drug, or whether to ban a certain chemical. The most important formal principle studied in formal ethics is the golden rule which involves principles such as; ‘treat others the way you want them to treat you’ ‘be logically consistent in you r beliefs’ ‘practice what you preach’ and ‘follow your conscience’. These principles can be ambiguous if they are taken literally, for instance the principle of treating others the way you want them to treat you, might not be applicable in some situations, for example in a case where a doctor wants to replace your kidney, then you ought not to replace his in order for him to replace yours. This ambiguity becomes a challenge when establishing these rules since it is hard to come up with situations that satisfy the rule and those that do not.Advertising Looking for case study on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The question of right or wrong is generally dealt with in ethics. If one has a justified claim, then he has a right. For instance, every human being has a right to be educated, and hence entitled to some form of education. Moral rights are then justified by the moral stand ards that are agreed upon by the majority but not necessarily those coded by the law. An act is said to be wrong where it does not respect the rights of the persons involved. A right has a major role on ethics, but it should not be the only factor to be considered in ethical decision making. This is for the reason that, when we consider a right as the sole approach to ethics, then the focus shifts to an individual not to a community. Thus morality calls us to respect one’s dignity and uniqueness, so as to achieve desirable results for the effective living of the community. According to Aristotle, every individual has his own opinion in what is best for human beings. This brings diverse views raising disagreements. These disagreements need to be resolved so as to achieve a common ground that suits everyone. He states that, the moral value is the greatest way to the effective action. He points out that if one imagines, desires and thinks of an idea, then works towards achieving it; he is considered beautiful because he has taken a systematic procedure, and the end result thereof must be of importance because it involves critical thinking. To come up with a common ground for every individual involved is challenging, it involves consideration of many factors.

Russia Economy Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Russia Economy Analysis - Research Paper Example Russia was the country most affected during the 2008-2009 recession as the world bank assistance reduced and the oil prices plummeted globally. The World Bank has analyzed that the country’s financial aid was less than 7% of its GDP. But mid – 2009, the economy hit rock bottom, but by the third quarter economy got revitalized in small way. As the oil price grew, the country was able to lift its economy and could also balance the deficit it inherited from 2008-2009. With reduction in the inflation,the country also lowered it unemployment rates and surprised its counterparts to a great level. In 2012, Russia joined hands with World Trade Organization which helped the country in lifting trade barriers and find new ways to upgrade its export of commercial goods. History and background of the country The history of Russia can be related back to the rule of Soviet Union, when the country was experiencing numerous changes in cultural ,social and political arena. During this pe riod, the economy of Russia was under the control of Bolsheviks but Lenin thought that country’s attempt to switch to a market economy would help the country to recover from the loss attained during previous three years. The new economic policy helped the country to boost its economy and led to prosperity with much advanced infrastructure. Meanwhile , the country also revitalized itself by establishing a good political position as a soviet union government. In this period,Russia also developed its radical novel style of constructivism, futurism and supermatism. During this period the country was in turmoil, still there was optimism and positivity in the midst of challenges. It was during this... The history of Russia can be related back to the rule of Soviet Union, when the country was experiencing numerous changes in cultural ,social and political arena. During this period, the economy of Russia was under the control of Bolsheviks but Lenin thought that country’s attempt to switch to a market economy would help the country to recover from the loss attained during previous three years. The new economic policy helped the country to boost its economy and led to prosperity with much advanced infrastructure. Meanwhile , the country also revitalized itself by establishing a good political position as a soviet union government. In this period,Russia also developed its radical novel style of constructivism, futurism and supermatism. During this period the country was in turmoil, still there was optimism and positivity in the midst of challenges. It was during this period that Lenin’s death occurred and this aggravated struggle for power from the part of communist party. This phase was followed by the victory of Joseph Stalin and immediately he directed the country on a different direction. The Stalin’s rule brought new economic plan and it gave importance to agricultural sector and had plans to revive and upgrade the rural state run farms. Industrial development was the main motive of the government and production was directed on capital equipment rather than consumer products. Soviet realism emerged and the art and literature was kept under tight control.

United Nations AIDS Conference Simulation Essay

United Nations AIDS Conference Simulation - Essay Example This simulation activity involved the United Nations General Assemblies. According to Starkey, Boyer, Wilkenfeld, & Starkey (2010), the General Assembly is the deliberative faction of the United Nations and is made up of the United Nations member states each with a vote. The United Nations AIDS Committee is responsible for proposing and negotiating global resolutions in the fight against the HIV and AIDS epidemic (Starkey, Boyer, Wilkenfeld, & Starkey, 2010). Starkey, Boyer, Wilkenfeld, & Starkey further explain that these resolutions are then forwarded to the general assembly for a final vote (2010). Students were assigned different roles either as state delegates or non state delegates. The name of the committee was the United Nations General Assembly. The sponsor was the United Nations AIDS Committee who authored this resolution. Pre ambulatory phrases were used to state the issues that the Committee was to discuss and resolve. These statements stated the reasons for the Committee to resolve the issues. The issues discussed during the simulation included the reaffirmation of those resolutions that the United Nations General Assembly had developed in the previous assembly. The current and continual damage caused by the epidemic was identified. It was identified that there was need for the committee to restructure the techniques that were currently being used to combat the epidemic. The committee having realized the importance of nation states inputs on AIDS resolution efforts welcomed their ideas.

HRM practice in small-medium enterprises (SMEs) Essay Example for Free

HRM practice in small-medium enterprises (SMEs) Essay Introduction The article analyzes the way of HRM practice in small-medium enterprises(SMEs) and the reason why it is important element for SMEs. Over the past years, small-medium enterprises play an increasingly significant role in European economy. It is mainly because European countries including UK have large amount of SMEs but with small scale of big enterprises. However, HRM, as an important part of a company, is utilized in tremendous different ways between large and SMEs firms. SMEs are reluctant to use HRM when considering high cost and time. This situation brings a lot of issues. Unfortunately, very few of the research for HRM in SMEs have been published till now(Domingo Ribeiro Soriano,et all,2011) .For example, according to the US academic journals from 1988 to 1998, more than 207 papers had been written about HR recruiting ,etc. However, just 7 of the articles mentioned about SMEs in Journal of Applied Psychology, Academic of Management Review and Personnel Psychology;. For these reasons,it is important to investigate the study of HRM in SMEs. Negative and positive arguments about HRM practice in SMEs Large amount of Debates about the efficiency of HRM in SMEs are illustrated in the earlier studies. Small business see few advantages of HRM when comparing to the large firms(Akroyd1995,adapted by Cassell.C et all,2002 ).Especially in the training ,Storey and Westhead described that the employees in the SMEs have few chances to get involved in structured training. (1997,adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002) .After conducting several cases, Holiday also mentioned that training is not utilized well in SMEs(1995,adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002). Cassell.C, et all(2002)did both interviews and telephone survey to a number of SMEs, and conclude that HRM practices especially selection and training process are transferring to other department in informal ways. They also found that 53% of SMEs that they investigated in recruited their employees via relatives or friend’s recommendation. It means HRM is not very formal in SMEs. In another word, HRM in SMEs are full of different issues. Bu t according to the following  study HRM indeed bring some benefit to companies. In1995 Leicestershire, and Storey (adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002)did a study which comparing the difference between traditional HRM and new practices among the large and small companies. The result of 15 cases implied that although the initiative of every employee in large companies has more opportunities to be enabled, it is more sustainable process in small-medium firms. In my opinion, SMEs might be developing better when they employ formal HRM practices. For example, during the study of HRM of SMEs,Williamson, Cable, Aldrich, (2002,adapted by Patel, C. P, et all, 2010) found that that SMEs can be more competitive and legitimated with formal HRM activities since it helps firms attract more high quality employees. HRM can also create harmonious group culture, highlighting the relationship between employers and companies. (Cameron Quinn, 1999,adapted by PATEL, C.2010). Data analyze In order to explore whether it is beneficial for companies when they use formal HRM practices, I conclude the research which was done by PATEL, C. P et all(2010).They did a research to discover the relationship between HRM and company productivity. In this study, high group culture means that a strong team works and effective working environment, which is usually created by strong HRM.) That it surveyed 145 firms and 6 industries including different size of firms. The correlation can be described by the following charts.Chart1 suggests: under high group culture, companies increase the use of HRM when market competition increase; Product market competition (chart 1,adapted by PATEL,C.P,andS. CARDON,S.M ) HRM intensity (chart 2, adapted by PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M ) Under high group culture, Chart2 indicated that HRM intensity can enhance the labor productivity To sum up, when the market is in the growing competition, HRM can boost the labor productivity. It also implied that the firms should keep the high group culture environment in order to keep the effectiveness of HRM. High group culture is from strong HRM practices. In my opinion from the data analyze, when HRM is utilized in SMEs in formal ways ,it might bring significant benefit to company. As Walsh and  Whites (1981) point out same idea as well. They suggest that same regulation of HRM should be utilized among those companies but small scale in SMEs. Author opinion As far as my consideration, HRM is a very important part for SMEs. The reason can be explained by following aspects. Firstly, Many SMEs firms in UK have informal HRM activities rather than totally absence (Culley et all, 1998, adapted by Cassell.C, et all, 2002).However, the way SMEs conduct these kind of practice reduce its’ actual benefit. For example, if recruiting and training procedure are not completed by the HR, other department need to expense time and cost to implement those processes. Consequently, it divides the cost of HR department into other team. In fact, it increases the cost of companies in long term prospective. Therefore, SMEs may increase benefit if they employ formal HRM practices from long prospective. Secondly,According to the charts (12), HRM has vital influence on labor productivity when fierce competition appears. On one hand, HRM is important element when company goes through high level of competitive market. SMEs must employ HRM if they want to survive in long term .On the other hand, strong group culture which is built by HR department can reinforce HRM to effect labor productivity (PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M,2010).As a consequence , HRM should be develop in correct way so that the company can built adequate group culture, thereby enhance the labor productivity especially in competitive market. Thirdly, it is important to look at the economy situation in UK. UK holds a large amount of SMEs with small scale of large company. It suggests that economic contribution of SMEs play important role in the country. From general perspective, when well-establishing and formal HRM is employed by SMEs, it will have big effect on the GDP of UK. As Cassell.C, Nadin.S, Gray.M, Clegg.C concluded in their research in 2002, HRM indeed exist in small business and small multiples. Although the structure of both firms is informal, human resource management brought obvious effective effort to the firm. From this study, we can imply that SMEs will grow stronger if they utilize more formal HRM in long term. Consequently, high level of HRM practice improves the effectiveness of companies. Conclusion My study suggest that HRM practices play very important roles in SMEs not only because it can create group culture and enhance the effectiveness of the group development, but also can protect firms from fierce competition. Moreover, HRM can increase the benefit of companies in long terms. But there is also some problem of HRM practices. Due to a lack of experience and information, majority of SMEs have no energy to take formal HRM. Whether this situation can be solved still need further study in UK. It depends on the companies themselves. Although I argued that SMEs should emphasize HRM practices in long term development, a lot of SMEs pursue short-time benefit and they may not consider HRM benefit. The research about how do the companies increase the use of formal HRM but not reduce the short-term benefit is needed to be discovering in the future. Hence, the different situations decide whether small-medium companies employ formal HRM. Reference Cassell.C, Nadin.S, Gray.M,Clegg.C,(2002):Exploring human resource management practices in small and medium sized enterprises, Personnel Review,Vol.31 No.6,pp:671-692 Domingo Ribeiro Soriano*and Ma. à ngeles Montoro†Sà ¡nchez,(2011)â€Å"Introduction: Contributions of Human Resource Management to the Challenges faced by Small† and Medium†Sized Enterprises in the Global Environment†, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol.28: P119–121 PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M,2010, â€Å"Adopting HRM Practices And Their Effectiveness In Small Firms Facing Product Market Competition†, Human Resource Management, March–April 2010, Vol. 49, No. 2, Pp. 265– 290

The Last Yankee Summary :: essays research papers

The Last Yankee by Arthur Miller is about a woman named Patricia Hamilton who is about to be released from a mental institution. The story takes place around the 1960 the New England Area. The play contains four characters. Their names were Leroy Hamilton, Patricia Hamilton, Leroy Frick, and Karen Frick. Leroy Hamilton was a relative of Alexander Hamilton. Frick and Hamilton’s wives knew each other as they were friends in the institute. Frick is a rich, young business man. He works with oil companies and other things as well. Hamilton, was a member of an elite family and he was a carpenter. Hamilton described himself as a Yankee as did his wife. The behavior of a Yankee according to his wife was they could be abused and taxed as much as they want, they still would not do anything about it but complain and get even sadder. In the first act, Hamilton and Frick got into a heated discussion. Earlier they talked about how their wives got into the institute in the first place. Karen Frick, got into the hospital because she had a nervous breakdown in which she would alienate the outer world from herself. She locked herself at home and would not go out. Before, that occurred she was a real estate agent. Patricia was a home make and became a depressive. Patricia had been in the institute two times already in the fifteen years of her falling out. This was her third time and she was improving. Hamilton, got mad when Frick talked about labor as if it was a bad thing. Hamilton said nothing was wrong about being a carpenter and nobody was proud to be in labor it was just something people talked as if they were so low in the dirt. In the second act Karen and Patricia talk about their lives. Karen often trailed off into her own thing, while Patricia tried to talk about herself. Patricia talked on how she grew up in Sweden and how her family was full of beautiful people. Her brothers had died by committing suicide. Her mother’s beauty was everlasting until she died at 81 years old. Also, she talked about how she stopped taking her medication and then was gradually getting better. She had been off drugs for 21 days. So now she could be able to do much more. All that she wanted was to make her husband happy and how the church she like d and the preacher who would talk to her.

Protestant Reformation: Review Activity

Objective: You are to practice creating essay outlines, the content of which will also assist you in reviewing for the quiz that will take place tomorrow.What you have to do:A. Review the example of a proper essay outline below and the example on the back. B. On separate sheets of paper create your own detailed outline in response to the essay question that follows (use your notes to assist you):1. Compare and contrast the motives, goals, and results of Martin Luther and Henry VIII in the movements that they led against the Roman Catholic Church. *Your outline should be at least two notebook pages in length.Essay Outline FormatI. Introduction A. Introductory sentence B. Thesis statement (can be 1 or more sentences)II. Body Paragraph #1 A. Topic sentence (an overarching introduction to the main point of this paragraph of evidence; it must relate or connect to the thesis) B. Identification of important details/evidenceIII. Body Paragraph #2 A. Topic sentence B. Identification of import ant details/evidenceIV. Body Paragraph #3 A. Topic sentence B. Identification of important details/evidenceV. Conclusion A. 1 or more sentences that summarize the main points of the essay. (It should not be a direct restatement of the thesis.)Essay Outline Example: Middle Ages v. RenaissanceEssay Question: Contrast the political, social, and religious structure of Medieval Europe and Renaissance Europe.I. IntroductionThesis: Medieval Europe differed greatly from Renaissance Europe in the areas of political structure, social norms, and religious influence.II. Political StructureA. Political Differences *Topic Sentence: The Medieval European style of feudalism contrasted greatly with the break from the same feudalistic system by the governing bodies of Renaissance Europe. 1. Medieval Europe was a feudal system.a.Kings. b. Nobles, c. Knights, d. Peasants (serfs) *Each group was dependent on the rest for survival. 2. Renaissance Europe broke away from the feudal system. a. Kings, b.Nobl es, c.Merchants/Middle Class, d. Peasaants *The bottom three groups had more opportunities for advancement.III. Social NormsA. Societal Differences *Topic Sentence: Another area in which Renaissance Europeans parted ways with Medieval Europeans was in social norms. 1.Medieval European life centered around the land and religion. a. Manorialismb. Little trade led to reduction in movement 2. Renaissance European life focused more on the worth and abilities of the individual to seek his or her own destiny. a. Increased trade created a middle class b. Reduced dependency on the landIV. Religious InfluenceA. Differing Roles of Religion *Topic sentence: In addition to political and societal differences, Medieval and Renaissance Europe also separated in their respective focus on religion. 1.Catholic life dominated Medieval Europe.a. Popes were often more powerful than secular rulers. b. Peasants could only find promise of a good life after death (heaven) 2.Renaissance Europe broke away from this focus on Catholicism to begin the inclusion of secular ideas. a. Growth of humanism b. Corruption of Church led to dislike of Church leadership. c. Attaining secular virtue through living a good life, rather than desiring to live a good life to attain spiritual virtue.V. Conclusion Renaissance Europe marked a departure from the norms of rigid political, social, and religious structures evident in Medieval Europe.

The Country Of Mexico, Economy, Economic Growth, And...

Abstract My research paper will briefly describe the country of Mexico by giving an overview of the country, their history, system of government, and their economic system. I will be reviewing which stage of the economic business cycle (peak, depression, trough,or recession) the country of Mexico is in and what the main reasons why they are presently in this stage. I will then elaborate on one of the possible causes and how it has affects Mexico’s GDP (gross national product), pricing structure, job market, economic growth, and international balances. Lastly, I will give my suggestions about some possible solutions to how Mexico can correct the challenges that have occurred and are occurring within their economy. Keywords: Mexico,†¦show more content†¦In this essay, I will be going into how the U.S. economy trade has been helping Mexico get out of depression and make their way through this period of recovery. Country’s Overview and Brief History Mexico is almost three times the size of Texas. â€Å"Its capital is Mexico City, which is located in the central southern part of the country† (Encyclopedia of the Nations). Mexico’s population is filled with people of many different heritages, such as Indians, Caucasians, Hispanics, and Africans. Even though the Mexican population is so diverse their primary language is still Spanish. Mexico used to have very high death rates, but because of new medications and ways of sanitation slowly being introduced the death rate has lowered significantly. Some of the main industries in Mexico are mining, manufacturing, tourism, retail and financial services. Also found on the Encyclopedia of the Nations website are Mexico’s main exports and imports. The country’s main exports are manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, cotton, and coffee. Their main imports are machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor vehicle s, and aircrafts and aircraft parts. Mexico’s economy depends a great deal on the money sent to them from family and friends who left Mexico to become migrant workers in the United States. Drug trafficking is also a big issue in Mexico. It is a business which brings